• Consider in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) where feasible.

• Use direct push technology for constructing temporary or permanent wells, rather than typical rotary methods, to eliminate the need for disposal of cuttings.

• Re-use existing wells and boreholes for injection points.

• Use socks to treat groundwater wells when feasible and appropriate for site conditions.

• Research materials that are effective at biodegradation with a reduction in the project’s environmental footprint.

• Consider processes that could assist biodegradation but use less energy (e.g. using renewable energy blowers to deliver air to the subsurface).

• Investigate the feasibility of phytoremediation and bioremediation.